
No sé si aquesta entrada serà adient aquí o no, però com que vinc d'una terra que es caracteritza per ser cruïlla de civilitzacions, cultures i llengües, m'ha semblat interessant d'incloure aquí uns textos de les Glosas emilianenses, on es troben els primers textos escrits en castellà i les primeres frases (que no paraules) en vascuence.
Fa molts anys, a La Rioja es parlava tant vascuence (quan al segle X la zona de La Rioja formava part del Regne de Navarra) i llatí, una llengua que, al carrer estava evolucionant i no era, realment, llengua culta (llatí), sinó que començava a evolucionar cap a llengua vulgar (inicis del castellà. Era una llengua híbrida entre totes 3, una evolució, quelcom que molts lingüístes han anomenat com lingua navarrorum (llengua dels navarresos). -- Segons Michelena, l'actual dialecte de la lingua navarrorum (romance navarro-aragonés-riojano) és parlat als Pirineus, i es diu 'fabla' o 'luenga aragonesa'. -- Com que les llengües no entenien de política ni de fronteres inventades, era molt comú que la gent les utilitzés únicament per comunicar-se. Aquest fet va fer que, a La Rioja, zona situada (i molt disputada) entre l'antic Regne de Castella, Regne de Navarra i Regne d'Aragó, es poguessin trobar variants de les llengües més habituals a aquests territoris: vascuence, llatí i llengua vulgar (diguem-ne castellà) (i, amb això, els inicis escrits de la primera i la última). Els frares de San Millán de la Cogolla normalment escrivien en llatí, que era l'idioma culte. L'idioma del carrer, de la gent analfabeta, però, era un altre, i per poder arribar a transmetre els seus missatges van haver d'introduir petites aclaracions en llengua vulgar al costat dels seus escrits en llatí. Aquestes aclaracions es feien servir quan els frares creien que els mots en llatí que empraven podien no ser entesos per la gent del carrer, i en aquest punt passaven a una llengua més entenedora. Aquest moment era, doncs, l'afirmació que el llatí culte evolucionava cap a una llengua vulgar que parlava la gent al carrer, cap a castellà. En el cas del vascuence, era l'afirmació que l'idioma era parlat al carrer, potser la llengua inicial de la gent abans de l'arribada amb força del llatí (idioma d'alfabetització).
Bé, no m'enrotllo més perquè segurament aquesta història ja la coneixeu i a més és força abreviada, però m'ha semblat una manera d'ensenyar una llengua al poble, o de fer que un text sigui entès. Una mena d'ensenyament de llengües?
Voilà el text on apareixen els inicis escrits de totes dues llengües:
Códice 60, pàgina 72:
Incipiunt sermones cotidiani beati Agustini
Gaudeamus fratres karissimi et Deo gratias agimus, quia uos, secundum desideria nostra, jncolomes [sanos et salbos] jnueniri meruimur [jzioqui dugu]. Et uere fratres juste et merito [mondamientre] pater gaudet quotiens filios suos et corpore sanos et Deo deuotos [promissiones] jnuenerit; ... concessit [donauit]; hoc quod ad profectum animarum uestrarum pertinet [conuienet fere] deuemus caritati [miente] uestre suggerere [seruire]... Intelligite [jntellegentja abete] karissimi, quia non jdeo christiani facti sumus ut dejsta uita tantum solliciti simus [ansiosusegamus]... Si uero, quod Deus non patiatur [non quieti] et mala opera exercimus [nos sificieremus] et plus pro carnis luxuria quam pro salute anime laboramus, timeo ne quando boni christiani cum angelis acceperint uitam eternam nos, quod absit, precipitemur [guec ajutu ez dugu] [nos nonkaigamus] jngeenna. Non nobis sufficit [non conuienet anobis] quod christianum nomen accepimus si opera christiana non facimus. ..Inuidiam uelut gladium diaboli respuit [geitat]... qui adulterium [fornicatjonem] non facit... qui de fructibus suis prius [ances] non gustat nisi ex jpsis aliquid Deo offerat, qui decimus annis singulis erogandas pauperibus reddet [qui dat alosmisquinos], qui sacerdotibus honorem jnpendit [tienet]... sicut [quomo do]... qui nullum hominem odio abet [nonaborrescet], qui stateras do losas et mensuras duplices uelut [quomodo] g1adium diaboli perorrescit [aborrescet]... qui quando ad eclesiam uenerit orationi jnsistit et se diuersis [muitas] litibus non jnligat [non separat]... adjuro [coniuro] ut totius uiribus [de tota fortitudine] jn omni causa justitia teneatis et de anime uestre salute adtentius [buena mientre] cogitetis. ..Nolite uos occupare [parare uel aplecare] ad litigandum [demandare] set potius [plus maijus] ad orandum, ut non rixando Deum offendere [gerrare].
Gaudeamus fratres karissimi et Deo gratias agimus, quia uos, secundum desideria nostra, jncolomes [sanos et salbos] jnueniri meruimur [jzioqui dugu]. Et uere fratres juste et merito [mondamientre] pater gaudet quotiens filios suos et corpore sanos et Deo deuotos [promissiones] jnuenerit; ... concessit [donauit]; hoc quod ad profectum animarum uestrarum pertinet [conuienet fere] deuemus caritati [miente] uestre suggerere [seruire]... Intelligite [jntellegentja abete] karissimi, quia non jdeo christiani facti sumus ut dejsta uita tantum solliciti simus [ansiosusegamus]... Si uero, quod Deus non patiatur [non quieti] et mala opera exercimus [nos sificieremus] et plus pro carnis luxuria quam pro salute anime laboramus, timeo ne quando boni christiani cum angelis acceperint uitam eternam nos, quod absit, precipitemur [guec ajutu ez dugu] [nos nonkaigamus] jngeenna. Non nobis sufficit [non conuienet anobis] quod christianum nomen accepimus si opera christiana non facimus. ..Inuidiam uelut gladium diaboli respuit [geitat]... qui adulterium [fornicatjonem] non facit... qui de fructibus suis prius [ances] non gustat nisi ex jpsis aliquid Deo offerat, qui decimus annis singulis erogandas pauperibus reddet [qui dat alosmisquinos], qui sacerdotibus honorem jnpendit [tienet]... sicut [quomo do]... qui nullum hominem odio abet [nonaborrescet], qui stateras do losas et mensuras duplices uelut [quomodo] g1adium diaboli perorrescit [aborrescet]... qui quando ad eclesiam uenerit orationi jnsistit et se diuersis [muitas] litibus non jnligat [non separat]... adjuro [coniuro] ut totius uiribus [de tota fortitudine] jn omni causa justitia teneatis et de anime uestre salute adtentius [buena mientre] cogitetis. ..Nolite uos occupare [parare uel aplecare] ad litigandum [demandare] set potius [plus maijus] ad orandum, ut non rixando Deum offendere [gerrare].
Aclaració:
Así, las Glosas emilianenses ( c. 950) 31 tienen un par de ellas en vasco, no en romance o con sinónimos latinos, según es norma 38: «jnueniri meruimur» = 'jzioqui dugu' (glosa 31), «precipitemur» = 'guec ajutuezdugu' (glosa 42). La segunda de estas aclaraciones se documenta también en romance: 'nos nonkaigamus'. El vasco recién transcrito no es demasiado fácil de identificar; Menéndez Pidal 39 recurrió a ilustres vascólogos (Echegaray, Ugarte, Campión, Urquijo) que tradujeron así:
Glosa 31: 'hemos encendido', 'lo hemos [solicitado] ardientemente', 'lo hemos ahuyentado' o alguna frase semejante, que no coinciden con el original latino.
Glosa 44: 'nosotros no nos arrojamos', 'nosotros no lo hemos adaptado a nuestra conveniencia', con las mismas dificultades de la glosa anterior.
I anotat al marge, en castellà:
Cono aiutorio de nuestro dueno dueno Christo, dueno salbatore, qual dueno get ena honore et qual duenno tienet ela mandatione cono patre cono spiritu sancto enos sieculos delo sieculos. Facamus Deus Omnipotes tal serbitio fere ke denante ela sua face gaudioso segamus. Amen.




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